By Jim Earles
Section of article on nutritive
sweetner STEVIA
Stevia, another
natural sweetener derived from a plant, is becoming
a well-known option in many U.S. health food stores.
A native of Paraguay and a member of the sunflower
family, the stevia plant is botanically known as
Stevia rebaudiana. The plant is also referred to
as Bertoni, a nod of remembrance toward Moises S.
Bertoni, the Italian botanist who first studied
stevia in 1899.118 Taken as a whole, the leaves
of the stevia plant average at about 30 times sweeter
than sucrose.119 Scientists have isolated and named
a number of individual sweet compounds within the
stevia plant, chiefly including stevioside, steviobioside,
rebaudiosides A, B, C, D and E, and dulcoside A.
The sweetness of these purified substances varies
between 50 to 450 times that of sucrose. (Stevioside,
the most commonly-used extractive of stevia, is
about 300 times sweeter than sucrose.)120
Stevia leaves and stevioside are virtually
calorie-free, beneficial in the prevention of cavities
and do not trigger a rise in blood sugar. They are
not only safe for diabetics and hypoglycemics, but
in some countries stevia leaves are even prescribed
as a medicinal substance for these conditions because
they normalize pancreatic function and thus aid
in the metabolism of sugar.121 The whole stevia
leaves contain a number of beneficial compounds,
including ascorbic acid, calcium, beta-carotene,
chromium, cobalt, iron, magnesium, manganese, niacin,
phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, selenium, silicon,
sodium, thiamin, tin and zinc.122 (It should be
noted that only the whole stevia leaves have nutritive
benefits. Stevioside extracts merely function as
a sweetener and pass through the body undigested,
although they do possess anti-viral and anti-bacterial
properties.)123 When applied topically, the stevia
leaves also fight acne and speed wound healing while
also reducing the formation of scar tissue.124
While natives of Paraguay have used
the stevia plant for many centuries, the western
world has also had a few centuries of experience
with this sweet plant, dating back much earlier
than Bertoni’s time. Spanish Conquistadors
of the sixteenth century learned about stevia from
the local Guarani and Mato Grosso societies, who
used it to sweeten teas and herbal medicines. Early
European settlers sweetened foods, teas and other
beverages with stevia, and Gauchos (the local version
of what we might call cowboys) in the region of
Paraguay later used it as a sweetener.
In the early 1970s, the Japanese government
and regulatory agencies began to take a distinct
stand against artificial sweeteners, especially
aspartame, due to their possible health risks. After
conducting extensive tests on stevia and stevioside,
they accepted it as a safe alternative and gave
it government sanction for widespread usage. By
1977 the Maruzen Kasei Co., Ltd. started extracting
stevioside on a commercial basis in Japan. For over
25 years now, the Japanese have used stevia and
its extracts as a table top sweetener, in soft drinks,
baked goods, pickles, fruit juices, jams and jellies,
candies, yogurts, pastries, chewing gum, sherbets,
toothpaste and tobacco products. It has reportedly
captured over 50% of the Japanese sweetening market,125
even though the Japanese technically classify it
as a food additive. In all this time, there have
never been any reports of toxicity or adverse reactions
to its usage. Stevia is also used as a sweet food
additive in South Korea, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay,
and as a dietary supplement in China, western Europe
and the U.S.126
Stevia did not have a very easy entry
into the U.S. market. The earliest introduction
into this country was probably in the late 1970s
or early ‘80s. Although the FDA had not ruled
on stevia one way or another at that time, a provision
in federal law allows for the food industry to make
a self-determination of Generally Recognized as
Safe (GRAS) status for items with a long history
of "common use in food" prior to 1958,
providing that it enjoyed widespread use without
any apparent adverse health effects.
There was relatively little popular
awareness of stevia at that time, but a handful
of food producers were including it in their products
under that most nebulous of categories--"natural
flavors." Among those marketing or developing
products containing stevia were the Lipton Tea Company,
Celestial Seasonings, and Traditional Medicinals,
as well as a host of smaller firms. One of these
smaller firms was a Utah-based nutritional products
company by the name of Sunrider International.
In 1985, Kerry Nielson was director
of operations at Sunrider. (The reader is advised
to recall that this was the same time period during
which G D Searle & Company and Monsanto were
winning major victories toward FDA approval of aspartame.
Whereas the patent on aspartame was extremely lucrative
for these companies, it is impossible under U.S.
law to hold a patent on a naturally occurring substance.)
Nielson and his company were among the first to
feel the regulatory backlash directed at stevia
and its purveyors.
Sunrider, which had recently began
marketing a stevioside sweetening product called
Trusweet, was informed of a trademark infringement
complaint filed by the NutraSweet Company against
their product. Notwithstanding the baseless nature
of this complaint, Sunrider knew that they did not
have the economic resources to fight a legal battle
with NutraSweet. Rather than do so, they changed
the product's name to Sunectar and hoped that this
would resolve the issue. But this wasn't the end
of Sunrider's legal problems with stevia.
Not long afterward, the U.S. Department
of Agriculture paid a visit to the company's headquarters.
As Mr. Nielson himself recalls, "I thought
it was strange because they asked specifically to
see the stevia [whereas normally] they would just
go through and have a look at everything….
When we took them over to the area where we had
the stevia, the inspector dug out a bunch of red
tags and started slapping them on everything."
The stevia was all burned and the company was instructed
to cease and desist from any further importation.
The only explanation given by the inspectors for
this action was "suspicion of adulteration,"
which usually means contamination of some sort.
However, the inspectors did not take any samples
of the stevia with them in order to test for contamination.
Sunrider continued to meet with FDA stonewalling
on the matter and eventually gave up on the idea
of using stevia as a sweetener, opting instead to
formulate a less-controversial skin-care product
containing stevia. Once this change of course was
established, the FDA dropped its embargo and relinquished
all concerns over its "suspicion of adulteration."127
It was around that same time that
the Arizona-based Wisdom Natural Brands company
began having problems with stevia products as well.
Jim May, founder and president of the company, had
even gone so far as to submit test samples of stevia
to the FDA to assure that it would be okay to use
it in the company’s products. Initially, May
received confirmation that there would be no problems
with importing the whole leaves of the plant or
a liquid concentrate of stevioside. However, the
FDA later reversed course and ordered the company
to stop importing all stevia products. May recounts
that he was told in a phone conversation with the
FDA that (once again) the NutraSweet Company had
been behind the complaint. (The FDA and NutraSweet
both deny that NutraSweet ever had any involvement
in the FDA’s actions.) May, who had only been
selling between $100 and $200 worth of stevia per
month, says that he was also told by one FDA agent
that "if [the FDA] wanted to make carrots [be]
against the law, we could do it."128
One of the next major targets would
be the Colorado-based tea company Celestial Seasonings.
In the mid 1980s, representatives of an "anonymous
firm" lodged a trade complaint with the FDA,
charging that the Celestial Seasonings company was
using stevia extracts in four products which were
therefore "adulterated." The company responded
by formally petitioning for stevia’s GRAS
status and presenting the FDA with substantial evidence
that stevia had a long history of safe usage. The
FDA declined to even process the company’s
petition and continued to pressure them to stop
using stevia, as well as to turn over the names
of other companies which were using the controversial
sweetener. Under continuing harassment, Celestial
Seasonings relented on both counts.129
It would preserve some small measure
of the FDA’s dignity if these had only been
isolated incidents, or even if they were the worst
incidents of their kind…but it gets worse.
In 1991 the FDA began to escalate the whole matter
to the level of a War on Drugs, issuing "Import
Alert Number 45-06," which declared stevia
an "unsafe food additive" and prohibited
its import into the U.S. (It is interesting to note
that the text of this document mentions that stevia
"has been used throughout history" without
any mention of negative side effects.)130 It was
in that same year when a gang of armed federal marshals
raided the Arlington, Texas warehouse of businessman
Oscar Rodes, served him with a warrant, and proceeded
to seize and burn his most recent shipment of stevia
and stevioside powder for use in natural teas.131
The FDA has even gone so far as to raid health food
stores suspected of selling stevia products and
to order the confiscation of books which refer to
stevia’s potential use as a natural sweetener.132
At this point, a number of companies
and individuals began to seriously address the task
of seeking FDA approval through formal, procedural
channels. Lynda Sadler, president of the California-based
Traditional Medicinals herbal-tea company, along
with the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA)
and an attorney by the name of William R. Pendergast,
started to work on persuading the FDA that the marketing
of stevia should be permitted based on its having
been used safely and widely in food prior to 1958.
Pendergast and the others submitted
more than 900 articles to the FDA, documenting that
the herb has been used safely for "hundreds
of years" by "millions of people."
The FDA said that they needed more specific and
scientific information, so the Herbal Research Foundation
did extensive scientific research to address specific
FDA concerns. The FDA stonewalled this information
and dragged their feet until Sadler, the AHPA and
Pendergast were finally forced to drop the matter,
which was draining much time and money.
The Lipton Tea Company then picked
up the cause in 1994, submitting a 2-inch thick
petition for GRAS status. Despite Lipton’s
credentials within the food industry, they met with
similar bureaucratic resistance. In this case and
the previous attempts by Pendergast et al., the
FDA ignored their usual protocol and refused to
even file the petitions for approval. Once a petition
is filed, the information submitted becomes available
for public review during the same time period in
which the FDA is reviewing it. This would have left
the FDA in the position of having to publicly defend
its actions, something which they were unwilling
to do. In one meeting with FDA officials, an AHPA
representative asked what amount of information
would be required for submission before the FDA
would formally file a petition. The FDA's Direct
Additives Branch chief, Eugene Coleman, replied:
"This may sound flippant, but we [will] know
that number when we see it."133
On the rare occasions when someone
managed to get a straight answer from an FDA official
as to their bizarre stance towards stevia, the usual
reasons have been suspicions of toxicity and/or
a possible adverse effect on fertility. (Some sources
also say that the FDA refuses to label any natural
substance as a sweetener unless it is a carbohydrate.)134
These allegations are based upon two studies--a
1968 rat study and a 1988 mouse study published
in a Brazilian pharmacological journal.
The first of these two was conducted
in Uruguay by a Purdue University biochemist named
Joseph Kuc. While the FDA interprets this study
as casting reasonable doubt upon the safety of stevia,
Kuc himself has gone on record as saying that his
results are not supportive of these claims. While
the rats in the study did suffer from the effects
of toxicity and from a reduction in the numbers
of offspring, Kuc points out that they were fed
the entire stevia plant, not just the sweet leaves.
The Brazilian study involved an overly-small group
of mice and suffered from a number of methodological
and design flaws. The study documented only very
scant information about the quantities of stevia
which the mice consumed and how it was prepared.
The FDA has also alluded to several South American
studies which have supposedly questioned the safety
of stevia, although they admit that they have never
even been able to acquire copies of these studies.
(It should be noted that the extensive scientific
studies conducted on stevia by the Japanese have
not indicated any toxicity or reproductive hazards.)135
In September of 1995, after much thankless
effort on the part of many parties, the FDA finally
relented by revising their 1991 Import Alert with
the issuance of the Dietary Supplement Health and
Education Act. Under that law, stevia was cleared
for import into the U.S., providing that it only
be labeled and used as a dietary supplement and
not as a sweetener.136 This allows U.S. companies
to use and sell stevia, but only by walking the
narrow line of not implicating it in any way as
a sweetener.
The official status of stevia has
not changed as of the time of this article’s
publication, but the future of this contentious
little plant is being shaped in very exciting ways.
Despite the best efforts of the establishment to
hold it back, there exists something of an informal
"underground" of those who seek to vindicate
stevia and openly market it as a sweetener. The
Price Foundation itself is playing a role in this
cause, but one of the most well-known advocates
is Donna Gates, author of The Body Ecology Diet.
Gates openly champions the cause of stevia as a
sweetener and has stated that she will go to jail,
if necessary, to win the FDA’s approval. There
are also some exciting possibilities brewing in
Canada, where stevia may be sold as a tea but not
a sweetener. A Vancouver company by the name of
Royal-Sweet International is developing a stevia
sweetener which they plan to export into the booming
Asian market, a move which just may attract the
attention of other corporate interests. Also, there
has been talk of growing Canadian stevia as a cash
crop, possibly even replacing Canadian tobacco.137
To summarize, while we will
all have to wait to see what the future holds for
stevia, we should not wait to begin using it and
reaping its benefits. For more information on stevia,
the reader is advised to read the book The Stevia
Story: A Tale of Incredible Sweetness & Intrigue,
by Bill and Linda Bonvie and Donna Gates.
This article appeared in
Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing
Arts,
the quarterly magazine of the Weston A. Price Foundation,
Winter 2003.
References
(All web addresses were visited
on or before October, 12, 2003)
1. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
2. Ibid
3. www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2002/ANS01156.html
4. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
5. www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem ram/synth/Hodgin.htm
6. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
7. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
8. http://presidiotex.com/bressler/
9. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
10. http://presidiotex.com/bressler/
11. Ibid
12. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
13. Ibid
14. www.aspartamekills.com
15. http://www.dominion-web.com/directory.Top/Society/Issues/Business/
Allegedly_Unethical_Firms/Monsanto
16. www.karinya.com/neotame.htm
17. Fallon, Sally and Enig, Mary G, PhD, Nourishing
Traditions, NewTrends Publishing, 2001, Washington,
DC.
18. www.aspartamekills.com/lydon.htm
19. www.aspartamekills.com
20. www.aspartamekills.com/lydon.htm
21. www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fdsugar.html
22. www.aspartamekills.com/lydon.htm
23. www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/summary.html
24. http://aspartametruth.com/92symptoms.html
25. www.sweetpoison.com/aspartame-sweeteners.html
26. Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language:
Deluxe Encyclopedic Edition. 1991.
27. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
28. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
29. www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters/sweet/history.html
30. www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem_ram/synth/Hodgin.htm
31. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
32. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
33. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
34. http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites
/2001/Saccharin/history.htm
35. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
36. Ibid
37. http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites
/2001/ Saccharin/BITTERSWEET.htm
38. www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem_ram/synth/Hodgin.htm
39. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
40. http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2001/
Saccharin/history.htm
41. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
42. http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2001/
Saccharin/BITTERSWEET.htm
43. Ibid
44. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
45. www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem_ram/synth/Hodgin.htm
46. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
47. www.sweetpoison.com/aspartame-sweeteners.html
48. Ibid
49. www.mercola.com/2000/dec/3/sucralose_dangers.htm
50. www.sweetpoison.com/aspartame-sweeteners.html
51. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
52. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
53. www.sweetpoison.com/aspartame-sweeteners.html
54. www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem_ram/synth/Hodgin.htm
55. www.archive.hoechst.com/english_3er/publikationen/future/ernaehr/art8.html
56. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
57. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
58. www.archive.hoechst.com/english_3er/publikationen/future/ernaehr/art8.html
59. www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm
60. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
61. www.sweetpoison.com/aspartame-sweeteners.html
62. www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem_ram/synth/Hodgin.htm
63. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
64. www.mercola.com/2000/dec/3/sucralose_dangers.htm
65. www.finchcms.edu/cms/biochem/walters/sweet/history.html
66. www.mercola.com/2000/dec/3/sucralose_dangers.htm
67. Ibid
68. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
69. www.mercola.com/2000/dec/3/sucralose_dangers.htm
70. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
71. www.splenda.com/page.jhtml?id=splenda/pressctr/pressreleases.inc
72. Ibid
73. www.mercola.com/2000/dec/3/sucralose_dangers.htm
74. Ibid
75. Ibid
76. Ibid
77. Ibid
78. Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future (from
the World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners).
Antonietta Corti (editor)
79. www.nutrasweet.com/infocenter/index.asp
80. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
81. www.holisticmed.com/neotame/whatis.html
82. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
83. www.holisticmed.com/splenda/
84. www.finchcms.edu/cms/biochem/walters/sweet/history.html
85. www.gnc.com/health_notes/Food_Guide/Non_Nutritive_Artificial_Sweeteners.htm
86. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
87. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
88. www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00155.html
89. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn O’Brien
Nabors (editor)
90. www.foodproductdesign.com/archive/1992/0792DE.html
91. www.btinternet.com/~amcbryan/aspartame/comment1a.htm
92. www.foodproductdesign.com/archive/1992/0792DE.html
93. www.globalsweet.com/polyols.asp
94. www.ketofoods.com/updates/sugaralcohol_article.html
95. www.eridex.com/html/history/html
96. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
97. www.globalsweet.com/HealthyAlternatives.asp#p
98. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
99. www.drgreene.com/21_837.html
100. www.globalsweet.com/HealthyAlternatives.asp#p
101. www.daniscosweeteners.com/dsw/web/dsw/publicsite/presentation/home/
news_and_events/latest_news.html&newspath=/web/dsw/publicsite/content/news/
Stay_Cool_in_the_Summer_Heat.html
102. www.eatright.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adap0598.cfm
103. www.ketofoods.com/updates/sugaralcohol_article.html
104. www.cspinet.org/foodsafety/labeling_sorbitol.html
105. www.ketofoods.com/updates/sugaralcohol_article.html
106. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
107. www.tagatose.com/whatis.html
108. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition, Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
109. Ibid
110. Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future
(from the World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners).
Atonietta Corti (editor)
111. www.chemopharma.com/citrosa.htm
112. Information taken from a personal e-mail exchange
with Overseal Color, Inc.
113. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
114. Information taken from Wisdom Natural Brands
stevia product brochures
115. www.gene.ch/gentech/1998/May-Jul/msg00060.html
116. Wisdom Natural Brands stevia product brochures
117. www.emperorsherbologist.com/steviahist.shtml
118. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
119. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
120. "Lo Han: A Natural Sweetener Comes of
Age," Whole Foods, June 2003, by Peilin Guo
and Dallas Clouatre.
121. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
122. www.chifaisgourmet.com/CFLoHanpage.htm
123. "Lo Han: A Natural Sweetener Comes of
Age," Whole Foods, June 2003, by Peilin Guo
and Dallas Clouatre.
124. http://members.shaw.ca/duncancrow/inulin_probiotic.html
125. Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
126. http://members.shaw.ca/duncancrow/inulin_probiotic.html
References Corresponding to
Better Options Addendum
112- www.overseal.co.uk/talin3.htm
113- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
114- http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad14sep98_1.htm
115- www.dsharma.org/biotech/bitter.htm
116- Information taken from a personal e-mail exchange
with Overseal Color, Inc.
117- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
118- www.emperorsherbologist.com/steviahist.shtml
119- Information taken from Wisdom Natural Brands
stevia product brochures
120- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
121- www.gene.ch/gentech/1998/May-Jul/msg00060.html
122- Information taken from Wisdom Natural Brands
stevia product brochures
123- www.wisdomherbs.com/faq/stevioside.htm
124- Information taken from Wisdom Natural Brands
stevia product brochures
125- www.emperorsherbologist.com/steviahist.shtml
126- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
127- "Sinfully Sweet?" article from New
Age Journal, Jan/Feb. 1996, by Linda and Bill Bonvie.
Available online at www.stevia.net/newagesweet.htm
128- ibid
129- ibid
130- www.emperorsherbologist.com/steviahist.shtml
131- "Sinfully Sweet?" article from New
Age Journal, Jan./Feb. 1996, by Linda and Bill Bonvie.
Available online at www.stevia.net/newagesweet.htm
132- www.gene.ch/gentech/1998/May-Jul/msg00060.html
133- "Sinfully Sweet?" article from New
Age Journal, Jan./Feb. 1996, by Linda and Bill Bonvie.
Available online at www.stevia.net/newagesweet.htm
134- "Lo Han: A Natural Sweetener Comes of
Age" article from Whole Foods, June 2003, by
Peilin Guo and Dallas Clouatre.
135- "Sinfully Sweet?" article from New
Age Journal, Jan./Feb. 1996, by Linda and Bill Bonvie.
Available online at www.stevia.net/newagesweet.htm
136- www.emperorsherbologist.com/steviahist.shtml
137- "Sinfully Sweet?" article from New
Age Journal, Jan./Feb. 1996, by Linda and Bill Bonvie.
Available online at www.stevia.net/newagesweet.htm
138- www.panda.fi/engl/licorice.htm
139- www.holisticmed.com/sweet/sweet.txt
140- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
141- Ibid
142- www.preparedfoods.com/literature/0006/mafco.htm
143- "Lo Han: A Natural Sweetener Comes of
Age" article from Whole Foods, June 2003, by
Peilin Guo and Dallas Clouatre.
144- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
145- www.chifaisgourmet.com/CFLoHanpage.htm
146- "Lo Han: A Natural Sweetener Comes of
Age" article from Whole Foods, June 2003, by
Peilin Guo and Dallas Clouatre.
147- www.chifaisgourmet.com/CFLoHanpage.htm
148- "Lo Han: A Natural Sweetener Comes of
Age" article from Whole Foods, June 2003, by
Peilin Guo and Dallas Clouatre.
149- www.ketofoods.com/updates/sugaralcohol_article.html
150- www.dainet.de/fnr/ctvo/byproducts/heming_hbi.doc
151- www.supplementwatch.com/supatoz/supplement.asp?supplementID=152
152- http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_glycerin.html#sweet
153- www.aubrey-organics.com/about/dictionary/v_diction.cfm
154- http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_glycerin.html#sweet
155- www.dainet.de/fnr/ctvo/byproducts/heming_hbi.doc
156- www.getbig.com/articles/nutritionbars.htm
157- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
158- http://members.shaw.ca/duncancrow/inulin_probiotic.html
159- ibid
160- www.vitaminretailer.com/VR/articles/Probiotics.htm
161- http://members.shaw.ca/duncancrow/inulin_probiotic.html
162- ibid
163- Alternative Sweeteners, Third Edition. Lyn
O’Brien Nabors (editor)
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